Achieving sustainable urban development remains a global challenge, with decision-making processes often constrained by economic, political, and governance complexities. This study examines urban development decision-making frameworks and processes within future city theories, including Smart, Resilient, Sustainable, Compact, Intelligent, Digital, and Livable Cities. Employing a narrative literature review and semi-structured expert interviews, the research integrates theoretical insights with practical perspectives from professionals in urban planning, architecture, and sustainable development.

Findings highlight that while structured decision-making frameworks provide guidance, real-world planning is highly dynamic and context-dependent. Experts emphasized the need for adaptive, iterative, and stakeholder-inclusive approaches to navigate competing urban priorities. The study identifies key factors shaping decision-making, including regulatory constraints, financial limitations, stakeholder conflicts, and emerging technologies. Additionally, the research outlines the phases of urban planning decision-making—from data collection and analysis to alternative evaluation, policy enforcement, and monitoring—while uncovering gaps in implementation that hinder long-term sustainability.

The study underscores the importance of bridging the gap between theory and practice through integrated governance, participatory decision-making, and technology-driven planning tools. Future research should focus on enhancing cross-sector collaboration, improving data-driven decision-making, and assessing the long-term impact of planning frameworks. By strengthening adaptive and inclusive decision-making mechanisms, cities can more effectively address urban sustainability challenges and develop resilient, livable urban environments.